RoboCopy : A Complete Guide

March 29, 2020 in IT (Information Technology), Microsoft Windows

Introduction

Robocopy also is known as Robust File Copy Command. By using Robocopy Windows Command Line utility we can copy files, directories and even drives too from one location to another location.

Robocopy is a Windows command-line tool used for file and folder Replication.

Robocopy is one of the most-used command-line utilities to copy/sync large volumes of data in Windows.

It’s such a well-liked tool due to how powerful it’s. But it is complex as much as it’s power

Robocopy helps to maintain identical copies of a directory structure on a single PC or in a separate network location.

In this tutorial-Article, we’re going to make it simpler as much as it’s complexity. After reading this complete and ultimate Robocopy guide, You will be able to use Robocopy Command with ease

It’s a replacement to the less versatile xcopy utility.

It allows you to specify a drive path or server path to copy/move files to a command prompt.

Robocopy command is able to classify files by whether they exist in the source directory or in the destination directory, or in both

Robocopy Versions

The versions of Robocopy are as below.

Several versions of Robocopy do not report the version number when executing robocopy /? on the command line.

However, their version is stored inside the executable itself and can be queried with PowerShell for example (gcm robocopy | fl *) or inside Windows Explorer by right-clicking on Robocopy.exe, selecting Properties, then clicking on the Details tab.

Robocopy Features

Robocopy Commandline utility can

Robocopy command line utility can copy files over a network with resume capabilities ( I personally have used in between India-USA office over VPN and working fine to sync svn repo)

Robocopy command can copy file and directory attributes preserving timestamps

Robocopy command can copy NTFS permissions, owners and auditing info

Robocopy command Can copy directory timestamps

Robocopy Can copy files in ‘backup’ mode to ensure files are copied even those rights have been denied to the administrator

Robocopy command can make Automatic retries,Can sync two folders,Is smart enough to skip files already copied,Can copy paths larger than the 256 character path limit,Perform asynchronous copies using it’s multithreading ability.

Robocopy command can Returns standardized exit codes for use in scripts

A continuously updated command-line progress indicator.

A “mirror” mode, which keeps trees synchronized by also deleting files in the destination that are not present in the source.

Ability to tolerate network interruptions and resume copy (incomplete files are marked with a date stamp of 1980-01-01 and contain a recovery record so Robocopy knows where to continue from).

Ability to copy file data and attributes correctly, and to preserve original timestamps, as well as NTFS ACLs, owner information, and audit information using the /COPYALL or /COPY: command line switches.

Beginning with the XP026 version, the ability to copy folder (or directory) date and timestamps (/DCOPY:T), even with the ability to update folder timestamps (copied from existing folders) on folders already created from previous versions (that did not copy the folder date and timestamps).

Ability to assert the Windows NT “backup right” (/B) so an administrator may copy an entire directory, including files denied readability to the administrator.

Ability to copy paths exceeding 259 characters — up to a theoretical limit of about 32,000 characters — without errors.

Multithreaded copying introduced with Windows 7 and Windows Server 2008 R2.[2]

Return code on program termination for batch file usage.

Usefile names, wildcard characters,paths,or file attributes to include or exclude source files as candidates for copying.

exclude directories by name of by path

delete source files and directories after copying(that is,move rather than copy them)
Delete destination files and directories that no longer exist in the source.
Control the number of times the program retries an operation after encountering a recoverable network error.

Schedule copy jobs to run automatically

Specify when copying is to be performed
Monitor a directory tree for changes.

Download Robocopy

Robocopy Syntax

Run Robocopy Help command robocopy /? And you will have a multiple options.

When you check each section, you will have a more options in each section.

robocopy <Source> <Destination> [<File>[ …]] [<Options>]

Parameter	Description
<Source>	Specifies the path to the source directory.
<Destination>	Specifies the path to the destination directory.
<File>	Specifies the file or files to be copied. You can use wildcard characters (* or ?), if you want. If the File parameter is not specified, *.* is used as the default value.
<Options>	Specifies options to be used with the robocopy command.

Copy Option

Option	Description
/s	Copies subdirectories. Note that this option excludes empty directories.
/e	Copies subdirectories. Note that this option includes empty directories.
/lev:<N>	Copies only the top N levels of the source directory tree.
/z	Copies files in restartable mode.
/b	Copies files in Backup mode.
/zb	Uses restartable mode. If access is denied, this option uses Backup mode.
/efsraw	Copies all encrypted files in EFS RAW mode.
/copy:<CopyFlags>	Specifies the file properties to be copied. The following are the valid values for this option: D Data A Attributes T Time stamps S NTFS access control list (ACL) O Owner information U Auditing information The default value for CopyFlags is DAT (data, attributes, and time stamps).
/dcopy:<copyflags>	Defines what to copy for directories. Default is DA. Options are D = data, A = attributes, and T = timestamps.
/sec	Copies files with security (equivalent to /copy:DATS).
/copyall	Copies all file information (equivalent to /copy:DATSOU).
/nocopy	Copies no file information (useful with /purge).
/secfix	Fixes file security on all files, even skipped ones.
/timfix	Fixes file times on all files, even skipped ones.
/purge	Deletes destination files and directories that no longer exist in the source.
/mir	Mirrors a directory tree (equivalent to /e plus /purge).
/mov	Moves files, and deletes them from the source after they are copied.
/move	Moves files and directories, and deletes them from the source after they are copied.
/a+:[RASHCNET]	Adds the specified attributes to copied files.
/a-:[RASHCNET]	Removes the specified attributes from copied files.
/create	Creates a directory tree and zero-length files only.
/fat	Creates destination files by using 8.3 character-length FAT file names only.
/256	Turns off support for very long paths (longer than 256 characters).
/mon:<N>	Monitors the source, and runs again when more than N changes are detected.
/mot:<M>	Monitors source, and runs again in M minutes if changes are detected.
/MT[:N]	Creates multi-threaded copies with N threads. N must be an integer between 1 and 128. The default value for N is 8. The /MT parameter cannot be used with the /IPG and /EFSRAW parameters. Redirect output using /LOG option for better performance. Note: The /MT parameter applies to Windows Server 2008 R2 and Windows 7.
/rh:hhmm-hhmm	Specifies run times when new copies may be started.
/pf	Checks run times on a per-file (not per-pass) basis.
/ipg:n	Specifies the inter-packet gap to free bandwidth on slow lines.
/sl	Don’t follow symbolic links and instead create a copy of the link.

File Selection Options

Option	Description
/a	Copies only files for which the Archive attribute is set.
/m	Copies only files for which the Archive attribute is set, and resets the Archive attribute.
/ia:[RASHCNETO]	Includes only files for which any of the specified attributes are set.
/xa:[RASHCNETO]	Excludes files for which any of the specified attributes are set.
/xf <FileName>[ …]	Excludes files that match the specified names or paths. Note that FileName can include wildcard characters (* and ?).
/xd <Directory>[ …]	Excludes directories that match the specified names and paths.
/xc	Excludes changed files.
/xn	Excludes newer files.
/xo	Excludes older files.
/xx	Excludes extra files and directories.
/xl	Excludes “lonely” files and directories.
/is	Includes the same files.
/it	Includes “tweaked” files.
/max:<N>	Specifies the maximum file size (to exclude files bigger than N bytes).
/min:<N>	Specifies the minimum file size (to exclude files smaller than N bytes).
/maxage:<N>	Specifies the maximum file age (to exclude files older than N days or date).
/minage:<N>	Specifies the minimum file age (exclude files newer than N days or date).
/maxlad:<N>	Specifies the maximum last access date (excludes files unused since N).
/minlad:<N>	Specifies the minimum last access date (excludes files used since N) If N is less than 1900, N specifies the number of days. Otherwise, N specifies a date in the format YYYYMMDD.
/xj	Excludes junction points, which are normally included by default.
/fft	Assumes FAT file times (two-second precision).
/dst	Compensates for one-hour DST time differences.
/xjd	Excludes junction points for directories.
/xjf	Excludes junction points for files.

Retry Options

Option	Description
/r:<N>	Specifies the number of retries on failed copies. The default value of N is 1,000,000 (one million retries).
/w:<N>	Specifies the wait time between retries, in seconds. The default value of N is 30 (wait time 30 seconds).
/reg	Saves the values specified in the /r and /w options as default settings in the registry.
/tbd	Specifies that the system will wait for share names to be defined (retry error 67).

Logging options

Option	Description
/l	Specifies that files are to be listed only (and not copied, deleted, or time stamped).
/x	Reports all extra files, not just those that are selected.
/v	Produces verbose output, and shows all skipped files.
/ts	Includes source file time stamps in the output.
/fp	Includes the full path names of the files in the output.
/bytes	Prints sizes, as bytes.
/ns	Specifies that file sizes are not to be logged.
/nc	Specifies that file classes are not to be logged.
/nfl	Specifies that file names are not to be logged.
/ndl	Specifies that directory names are not to be logged.
/np	Specifies that the progress of the copying operation (the number of files or directories copied so far) will not be displayed.
/eta	Shows the estimated time of arrival (ETA) of the copied files.
/log:<LogFile>	Writes the status output to the log file (overwrites the existing log file).
/log+:<LogFile>	Writes the status output to the log file (appends the output to the existing log file).
/unicode	Displays the status output as Unicode text.
/unilog:<LogFile>	Writes the status output to the log file as Unicode text (overwrites the existing log file).
/unilog+:<LogFile>	Writes the status output to the log file as Unicode text (appends the output to the existing log file).
/tee	Writes the status output to the console window, as well as to the log file.
/njh	Specifies that there is no job header.
/njs	Specifies that there is no job summary.

Job Options

Option	Description
/job:<JobName>	Specifies that parameters are to be derived from the named job file.
/save:<JobName>	Specifies that parameters are to be saved to the named job file.
/quit	Quits after processing command line (to view parameters).
/nosd	Indicates that no source directory is specified.
/nodd	Indicates that no destination directory is specified.
/if	Includes the specified files.

Exit (return) codes

Value	Description
0	No files were copied. No failure was encountered. No files were mismatched. The files already exist in the destination directory; therefore, the copy operation was skipped.
1	All files were copied successfully.
2	There are some additional files in the destination directory that are not present in the source directory. No files were copied.
3	Some files were copied. Additional files were present. No failure was encountered.
5	Some files were copied. Some files were mismatched. No failure was encountered.
6	Additional files and mismatched files exist. No files were copied and no failures were encountered. This means that the files already exist in the destination directory.
7	Files were copied, a file mismatch was present, and additional files were present.
8	Several files did not copy.

 

Note: Any value greater than 8 indicates that there was at least one failure during the copy operation.

Example 1

To copy two files from folder c:\xyz to c:\xyz, the following syntax is used:

robocopy c:\xyz c:\xyz test1.txt test2.db

Example 2

Copy All PDFs

robocopy c:\xyz c:\xyz *.pdf

Example 3

To copy all files (not directories) in the “xyz” directory to the “xyz2” directory

robocopy c:\xyz c:\xyz2

Example 4

Robocopy Command to copy all files and folders (including empty ones) will be copied from the “xyz” directory to the “xyz2” directory

robocopy c:\xyz c:\xyz2 /e

Example 5

Robocopy command to mirror what is in c:\xyz into c:\xyz2 and purge any files in the xyz2 directory that do not exist in the XYZ directory. Becareful when yoou use /mir switch since it is deleting files that do not match in the destination directory.

robocopy c:\xyz c:\xyz2 /MIR

robocopy c:\xyz c:\xyz2 /MIR /Sec (copy permissions too)

robocopy c:\xyz c:\xyz2 /MIR /Sec /w:0 /r:0 ( wasting time on re-tries use w:0 and r:0 flag to skip if unable to copy due to any reason. )

Example 6

Robocopy command to copy any of the files in the xyz directory on the network computer named PC1 to the current computer xyz2 directory.

robocopy \\PC1\xyz C:\xyz2

Example 7

To get logs in a file and console too

robocopy c:\xyz c:\xyz2 /MIR /Sec /w:0 /r:0   /log:c:\Logs\xyz.log (To get logs in a file)

robocopy c:\xyz c:\xyz2 /MIR /Sec /w:0 /r:0   /log:c:\Logs\xyz.log /tee (To get log in a console)

Example 8

To exclude folder

robocopy c:\xyz c:\xyz2 /MIR /Sec /w:0 /r:0   /log:c:\Logs\xyz.log /tee /XD “\\PC1\xyz\~snapshot (To exclude snapshot folder)

Conclusion

I have tried to cover Robocopy command in depth. I hope It will be useful to my readers. Comments and suggestions are always appreciated! I want to add Robocopy GUI and some useful ROBOCOPY Scripts too. But it will become more lengthy. So I will write and share later.

what is XAMPP

February 7, 2020 in Tech

More…

XAMPP Documentation

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8007000E-Windows 7 Update Error

January 31, 2020 in Tech

Can’t Install Windows Updates error 8007000E

Solution:

I have downloaded patch KB3102810 

After that reboot the system and check for new updates.

Windows Update are working fine.

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A user account was locked out Event ID 4740

January 17, 2020 in Tech

The indicated user account was locked out after repeated logon failures due to a bad password.

See event ID 4767 for account unlocked.

This event is logged both for local SAM accounts and domain accounts.

Example 4740

A user account was locked out.

Subject:

   Security ID:  SYSTEM

   Account Name:  WIN-R9H529RIO4Y$

   Account Domain:  WORKGROUP

   Logon ID:  0x3e7

Account That Was Locked Out:

   Security ID:  WIN-R9H529RIO4Y\John

   Account Name:  John

Additional Information:

   Caller Computer Name: WIN-R9H529RIO4Y

Solution :

To unlock a user’s account, find AD user object, open the properties, go to the Account tab, check “Unlock account.

This account is currently locked out on this Active Directory Domain Controller” and press OK.

Using Command

Check Status:

Check that the user account is locked. To do this, run the following PowerShell one-liner:

Get-ADUser -Identity bjackson -Properties LockedOut | Select-Object samaccountName,Lockedout| ft -AutoSize

The account is locked (Lockedout=True).

To unlock a user account, you can use the cmdlet:

Unlock-ADAccount bjackson –Confirm

To confirm unlock account press Y, then Enter.

Now the user can login to the domain computer or server under his account. To Unlock Bulk Users Account Download Bulk AD Users Software For Free

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Nagios Open Source Network Monitoring System(NMS)

January 15, 2020 in Articles

 

Nagios -network monitoring system offers complete monitoring and alerting for servers, switches, applications, and services.

Installation

Web server

Decide which web server will be to used and set it up:

• Apache with PHP
• Lighttpd with PHP
• Nginx with PHP and fcgiwrap

Once finished return here to and continue reading.

USE flags

Set the proper USE flags for Nagios before it emerging it:

USE flags for net-analyzer/nagios-core  Nagios core – monitoring daemon, web GUI, and documentation

apache2	Add Apache2 support
classicui	use the classic web theme
lighttpd	install www-servers/lighttpd config
perl	Add optional support/bindings for the Perl language
vim-syntax	Pulls in related vim syntax scripts
web	enable web interface

Data provided by the Gentoo Package Database · Last update: 2020-01-15 03:54More information about USE flags

Do not forget to enable the right USE flags for Nagios plugins (net-analyzer/nagios-plugins).

Emerge

Finally install net-analyzer/nagios:root #emerge --ask net-analyzer/nagios

Configuration

Apache

Enable the Nagios module for Apache: FILE /etc/conf.d/apache2

'"`UNIQ--pre-00000001-QINU`"'

Since Nagios requires PHP for its web interface, it may needed to be enabled as well if it has not been previously. One way is to simply add -D PHP5 to APACHE2_OPTS and edit /etc/php/apache2-php<YOUR_PHP_VERSION>/php.ini This should be fine unless PHP is needed for purposes other than hosting Nagios.

If using Apache 2.4 (which is still marked unstable as of April 2015) the /etc/apache2/modules.d/99_nagios3.conf file may need to be modified to fit the new authorization directives of Apache 2.4.

Remember to add the apache user to group nagios:root #usermod -a -G nagios apache

Restart the Apache service to have it recognize the group change:root #rc-service apache2 restart

Lighttpd

Enable the Nagios configuration for Lighttpd: FILE /etc/lighttpd/lighttpd.conf

include "nagios.conf"

Configure authentication. More information on how to set this up can be found in the Lighttpd documentation. FILE /etc/lighttpd/nagios.conf

$HTTP["url"] =~ "nagios" {
    auth.backend ="plain"    # The password is stored as plain text as user:password in...
    auth.backend.plain.userfile = "/etc/nagios/passwd"  # this file
    auth.require = ( "" => (
        "method" => "digest",
        "realm" => "nagios",
        "require" => "user=nagiosadmin"
        )
    )
    setenv.add-environment = ( "REMOTE_USER" => "user" )
}

Restart the Lighttpd service:root #rc-service lighttpd restart

Nginx

See the Nginx guide before continuing if you don’t have it already setup.

Emerge www-servers/spawn-fcgi and www-misc/fcgiwrap:root #emerge --ask www-servers/spawn-fcgi www-misc/fcgiwrap

Next, create an init script for a spawn-fcgi instance dedicated to nagios:root #ln -s /etc/init.d/spawn-fcgi /etc/init.d/spawn-fcgi.nagiosroot #cp /etc/conf.d/spawn-fcgi /etc/conf.d/spawn-fcgi.nagios

Then, configure our spawn-fcgi instance to launch fcgiwrap and listen on a unix socket: FILE /etc/conf.d/spawn-fcgi.nagios

# edit these variables:
FCGI_SOCKET=/run/fcgiwrap.nagios.socket
FCGI_USER=nagios
FCGI_GROUP=nginx
FCGI_EXTRA_OPTIONS="-M 0660"
FCGI_PORT= # must be empty for the socket to work
FCGI_PROGRAM=/usr/sbin/fcgiwrap

Don’t forget to add spawn-fcgi.nagios to the default runlevel and start it:root #rc-update add spawn-fcgi.nagios defaultroot #rc-service spawn-fcgi.nagios start

You may need to change the owner of the /var/nagios folder, so fcgiwrap can access it:root #chown nagios:nagios /var/nagios

Nginx can now be configured to serve our nagios instance. Here’s an example configuration snippet for nginx, assuming you have defined a php upstream: FILE /etc/nginx/nginx.conf

location /nagios {
        alias /usr/share/nagios/htdocs;

        location ~ \.php$ {
                # Filter out arbitrary code execution
                location ~ \..*/.*\.php$ {return 404;}
                fastcgi_pass php;
                include fastcgi.conf;
                fastcgi_param SCRIPT_FILENAME $request_filename;
        }

        location /nagios/cgi-bin/ {
                root /usr/lib/;
                include /etc/nginx/fastcgi_params;
                fastcgi_param  AUTH_USER nagiosadmin;
                fastcgi_param  REMOTE_USER nagiosadmin;
                if ($uri ~ "\.cgi$"){
                        fastcgi_pass unix:/run/fcgiwrap.nagios.socket-1;
                }
        }
}

Permissions

Add the user name(s) to the nagios group, whom are allowed access to the Nagios service:root #gpasswd -a <USER_NAME> nagios

Once done, completely sign out from all shells and re-login for the update to apply.

Boot service

Start Nagios:root #rc-service nagios start

To start Nagios at boot time, add it the default runlevel:root #rc-update add nagios default

Testing

Open a browser and navigate to http://localhost/nagios

Troubleshooting

• nagios troubleshooting

See also

• SCHEDULED DOWNTIME IN FAN NAGIOS
• NAGIOS (FREE – OPEN SOURCE) AUTOMATION
• FAN NAGIOS SYSTEM REQUIREMENTS

TAGS | Fully Automated Nagios | DLIGHT

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